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Unit I: Introduction to Security

Topic 1: Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA Triad)

Question 1

Explain the CIA Triad in information security. How do confidentiality, integrity, and availability each contribute to a secure information system? Provide real-world examples illustrating each component.

Answer:

The CIA Triad is a foundational model in information security that represents the three core principles essential for maintaining the security and reliability of information systems: Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability. These principles guide the development of security policies, procedures, and controls to protect information assets from a wide range of threats.

1. Confidentiality

Definition: Confidentiality ensures that sensitive information is accessible only to authorized individuals and is protected from unauthorized access or disclosure.

Mechanisms to Ensure Confidentiality:

• Encryption: Converts data into unreadable formats to prevent unauthorized access.
• Access Controls: Implementing user authentication and authorization to restrict data access.
• Data Masking: Hiding specific data within a database to protect sensitive information.
• Non-Disclosure Agreements (NDAs): Legal contracts to protect information from being shared improperly.

Real-World Example:

• Healthcare Records: Patient medical records are protected under laws like HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) to ensure that only authorized medical personnel can access them. Encryption is used to secure electronic health records (EHRs).

Importance:

• Protects personal privacy and sensitive business information.